Salivary proteomic profile of response to different resistance training protocols: A case report.

Resistance training (RT) with blood flow restriction (BFR) or high intensity (HI) are effective to increase muscle mass. To understand this effect, techniques known as "omics" are used to identify possible biomarkers. This study analyzed the salivary proteomic profile of healthy individuals trained before and after two RT protocols both designed with eight exercises for upper- and lower-limbs, one performed at low percentage of one-maximum repetition (%1RM) with BFR technique, and other at high %1RM (HI) without BRF technique. Four healthy males between 18 and 28 years participated in the study. Stimulated saliva was collected before (BBFR/BHI) and immediately after (ABFR/AHI) the two RT protocols. All protein-related processing was performed using label-free proteomic. The difference in expression between groups was expressed as p < .05 for downregulated proteins and 1-p > .95 for upregulated proteins. There was difference in salivary flow between ABFR and BBFR (p = .005). For HI, 87 proteins were found after the practice and 119 before. Three hemoglobin isoforms were increased in AHI compared with BHI. In the BFR comparison, 105 proteins were identified after (ABFR) and 70 before (BBFR). Among those increased ABFR, we highlight five hemoglobin isoforms and Deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 protein. Between ABFR and AHI, 17 isoforms of histones, Transaldolase, Transketolase, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and Antileukoproteinase were decreased ABFR. For HI, there was an increase in proteins related to oxidative stress and metabolism of the musculoskeletal system, compared with BFR. HI seems to induce higher anabolic signaling to muscle mass increase and antiatherosclerotic effects.

Sex-Specific Accumulated Oxygen Deficit During Short- and Middle-Distance Swimming Performance in Competitive Youth Athletes.

INTRODUCTION: Since sex-specific accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD) during high-intensity swimming remains unstudied, this study aimed to assess AOD during 50, 100, and 200 m front-crawl performances to compare the responses between sexes and analyse the effect of lean body mass (LBM). METHODS: Twenty swimmers (16.2 ± 2.8 years, 61.6 ± 7.8 kg, and 48.8 ± 11.2 kg LBM-50% males) performed 50, 100, and 200 m to determine accumulated oxygen uptake (V̇O2Ac). The swimmers also performed an incremental test from which five submaximal steps were selected to estimate the oxygen demand (V̇O2demand) from the V̇O2 versus velocity adjustment. V̇O2 was sampled using a gas analyser coupled with a respiratory snorkel. AOD was the difference between V̇O2demand and V̇O2Ac, and LBM (i.e. lean mass not including bone mineral content) was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS: A two-way ANOVA evidenced an AOD increase with distance for both sexes: 19.7 ± 2.5 versus 24.9 ± 5.5, 29.8 ± 8.0 versus 36.5 ± 5.8, and 41.5 ± 9.4 versus 5.2 ± 11.9 ml × kg-1, respectively, for 50, 100, and 200 m (with highest values for females, P < 0.01). Inverse correlations were observed between LBM and AOD for 50, 100, and 200 m (r = - 0.60, - 0.38 and - 0.49, P < 0.05). AOD values at 10 and 30 s elapsed times in each trial decreased with distance for both sexes, with values differing when female swimmers were compared to males in the 200 m trial (at 10 s: 2.6 ± 0.6 vs. 3.4 ± 0.6; and at 30 s: 7.9 ± 1.7 vs. 10.0 ± 1.8 ml × kg-1, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: LBM differences between sexes influenced AOD values during each trial, suggesting that reduced muscle mass in female swimmers plays a role on the higher AOD (i.e. anaerobic energy) demand than males while performing supramaximal trials.

The reliability of back-extrapolation in estimating V ˙ O 2 p e a k in different swimming performances at the severe-intensity domain.

The amount of anerobic energy released during exercise might modify the initial phase of oxygen recovery (fast-O2debt) post-exercise. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the reliability of peak oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O 2 p e a k ) estimate by back-extrapolation ( B E - V ˙ O 2 p e a k ) under different swimming conditions in the severe-intensity domain, verifying how the alterations of the V ˙ O 2 recovery profile and anerobic energy demand might affect B E - V ˙ O 2 p e a k values. Twenty swimmers (16.7 ± 2.4 years, 173.5 ± 10.2 cm, and 66.4 ± 10.6 kg) performed an incremental intermittent step protocol (IIST: 6 × 250 plus 1 × 200 m, IIST_v200m) for the assessment of V ˙ O 2 p e a k . The V ˙ O 2 off-kinetics used a bi-exponential model to discriminate primary amplitude, time delay, and time constant (A1off, TD1off, and τoff) for assessment of fast-O2debt post IIST_v200m, 200-m single-trial (v200 m), and rest-to-work transition at 90% delta (v90%Δ) tests. The linear regression estimated B E - V ˙ O 2 p e a k and the rate of V ˙ O 2 recovery (BE-slope) post each swimming performance. The ANOVA (Sidak as post hoc) compared V ˙ O 2 p e a k to the estimates of B E - V ˙ O 2 p e a k in v200 m, IIST_v200 m, and v90%Δ, and the coefficient of dispersion (R2) analyzed the association between tests. The values of V ˙ O 2 p e a k during IIST did not differ from B E - V ˙ O 2 p e a k in v200 m, IIST_v200 m, and v90%Δ (55.7 ± 7.1 vs. 53.7 ± 8.2 vs. 56.3 ± 8.2 vs. 54.1 ± 9.1 ml kg-1 min-1, p > 0.05, respectively). However, the V ˙ O 2 p e a k variance is moderately explained by B E - V ˙ O 2 p e a k only in IIST_v200 m and v90%Δ (RAdj 2 = 0.44 and RAdj 2 = 0.43, p < 0.01). The TD1off and τoff responses post IIST_v200 m were considerably lower than those in both v200 m (6.1 ± 3.8 and 33.0 ± 9.5 s vs. 10.9 ± 3.5 and 47.7 ± 7.9 s; p < 0.05) and v90%Δ ( 10.1 ± 3.8 and 44.3 ± 6.3 s, p < 0.05). The BE-slope post IIST_v200m was faster than in v200 m and v90%Δ (-47.9 ± 14.6 vs. -33.0 ± 10.4 vs. -33.6 ± 13.8 ml kg-1, p < 0.01), and the total anerobic (AnaerTotal) demand was lower in IIST_v200 m (37.4 ± 9.4 ml kg-1) than in 200 m and 90%Δ (51.4 ± 9.4 and 46.2 ± 7.7 ml kg-1, p < 0.01). Finally, the τ1off was related to AnaerTotal in IIST_v200m, v200 m, and v90%Δ (r = 0.64, r = 0.61, and r = 0.64, p < 0.01). The initial phase of the V ˙ O 2 recovery profile provided different (although reliable) conditions for the estimate of V ˙ O 2 p e a k with BE procedures, which accounted for the moderate effect of anerobic release on V ˙ O 2 off-kinetics, but compromised exceptionally the V ˙ O 2 p e a k estimate in the 200-m single trial.

Influence of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEi) on Angiogenesis Induced by Physical Exercise / Influência dos Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina (iECA) Sobre a Angiogênese Induzida pelo Exercício Físico

Abstract Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) are used to reduce blood pressure and vascular resistance by modulating the ACE activity responsible for the angiotensin II formation. However, different ACEi seem to influence exercise-induced angiogenesis. The objective of this review was to investigate the effects of different ACEi on vessel growth in skeletal muscle induced by exercise training. The present study is characterized by a narrative literature review design, the databases of Scielo, Google Scholar and PubMed were consulted. There are different groups of ACEi , sulfhydryl group such as captopril and a carboxyl group such as perindiporil and enalapril that can influence their effects on ACE activity. It is already known that exercise promotes the increase of vessels from vessels already existing in the skeletal musculature, a process known as angiogenesis and contributes to the blood pressure reduction (BP). Although these different responses are still scarce, vessel endothelial growth factor (VEFG) and nitric oxide (NO) may participate. Thus, the use of different ACEi can influences the angiogenesis responses induced by exercise, being one of the important mechanisms for BP reduction. The choice of ACEi group should be carefully analyzed for hypertensive individuals who practice physical exercise. (AU)

Resumo Os inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (iECA) são utilizados para redução da pressão arterial e resistência vascular modulando a atividade da ECA responsável pela formação da angiotensina II. Entretanto, diferentes iECAs parecem influenciar a angiogênese induzida pelo exercício físico. Desta maneira objetivo desta revisão foi investigar os efeitos de diferentes iECA sobre o crescimento de vasos no musculo esquelético induzido pelo exercício físico. O presente estudo caracteriza-se um delineamento de revisão de literatura narrativa, foram consultadas as bases de dados do Scielo, Google acadêmico e PubMed. Existem grupos distintos dos iECAs, grupo sulfidrila como o captopril e o grupo carboxila como o perindiporil e grupo que pode influenciar seus efeitos sobre a atividade da ECA. Já é sabido que O exrcício promove o aumento de vasos a partir de vasos já existentes na musculatura esquelética, processo conhecido como angiogênese e colabora para redução da pressão arterial (PA). Entretanto os iECAs parecem influenciar esta resposta do aumento da densidade capilar no músculo esquelético. Embora ainda sejam escassos estas diferentes respostas podem ter as participações do fator de crescimento endotelial de vasos (VEFG) e o óxido nítrico (NO). Desta maneira o uso dos grupos do iECAs podem influenciar as resposta da angiogênese induzido pelo exercício sendo um dos mecanismos importantes pela redução da PA. A escolha do grupo de iECA deve ser analisada com cautela para indivíduoS hipertensos que praticam exercício físico. (AU)

Exercise as a Therapeutic and Supporting Strategy for Climacteric Symptoms: an EvidenceBased Review / Exercício Físico como Estratégia Terapêutica e Coadjuvante nos Sintomas do Climatério: Revisão Baseada em Evidências

Climacteric is a natural process characterized by the female hormones reduction and increased symptoms that interfere in the woman's quality of life. The objective was to raise scientific evidence on the physical exercise effects as a therapeutic strategy on climacteric symptoms. This systematic review study accessed the Virtual Health Library (VHL) and consulted articles from the last 10 years, with the following eligibility criteria; inclusion, scientific articles published in the last 10 years, with clinical, quasi-experimental, cross-sectional design and case studies conducted with women in the climacteric. Articles published before 2010 with delineations were excluded; epidemiological, systematic review, meta-analyzes, experimental studies with animal model. The studies included in the review were read in full, critically analyzed and categorized. The findings showed that active women have a reduction in vasomotor and somatic symptoms of the climacteric, also collaborating in the prevention of diseases prevalent in this period. Aerobic physical exercise improves physical fitness and quality of life indicators of climacteric women. In clinical practice, aerobic exercise can be considered an auxiliary strategy in the climacteric symptoms treatment and female health improvement. (AU)

O climatério é um processo natural caracterizado pela redução dos hormônios femininos e aumento de sintomas que interferem na qualidade de vida da mulher. Objetivou-se levantar evidências científicas sobre os efeitos do exercício físico como estratégia terapêutica na sintomatologia climatérica. Este estudo de revisão sistemática acessou a Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS) e consultou artigo dos últimos 10 anos, com os seguintes critérios de elegibilidade; inclusão, artigos científicos com delineamento clínico, quase-experimental, transversal e estudos de caso realizados com mulheres no climatério. Foram excluídos artigos publicados anterior a 2010, com delineamentos; epidemiológico, revisão sistemática, metanálises, estudos experimentais com modelo animal. Os estudos incluídos na revisão foram lidos na integra, analisados criticamente e categorizados. Os achados demonstraram que mulheres ativas apresentam redução dos sintomas vasomotores e somáticos do climatério, também colabora na prevenção de doenças prevalentes nesse período. O exercício físico aeróbio melhora a aptidão física e indicadores de qualidade de vida de mulheres climatéricas. Na prática clínica o exercício aeróbio pode ser considerado uma estratégia auxiliar no tratamento dos sintomas do climatério e melhora da saúde feminina. (AU)

The Influence of the Aerobic Training on Muscle Hypertrophy: Literature Review / A Influência do Treinamento Aeróbio Sobre a Hipertrofia Muscular: Revisão de Literatura

The literature presents some studies that show that aerobic exercise is responsible for mediating muscle catabolism. Thus, it is interpreted that continuous aerobic exercise produces little or no increase in muscle hypertrophy. The purpose of this review was to demonstrate the effects of aerobic training on muscle hypertrophy alone or in conjunction with resistance training. The present study is characterized by a review of the narrative literature, the databases of SciELO, Google academic and PubMed were consulted. Many studies show that aerobic training (AT) can promote hypertrophic responses in untrained individuals, however, these responses are related to exercise variables such as intensity, volume, frequency, and modality. Higher, continuous or interval intensities, at least 80% of the HRR, seem to be capable of promoting hypertrophic responses when compared to low intensities. In addition, the training volume may also influence this response and different modalities may have a distinct response to muscle hypertrophy. While the combination of TA and resistance training (TR) corresponds to concurrent training (CT), the literature demonstrates that AT in CT can negatively affect acute and chronic hypertrophic responses depending on intensity, volume, mode and training schedule. (AU)

A literatura apresenta alguns estudos que mostram que exercício aeróbio é responsável por mediar o catabolismo muscular. Dessa maneira, interpreta-se que o exercício contínuo aeróbio produz pouco ou nenhum aumento na hipertrofia muscular. O objetivo desta revisão foi demonstrar os efeitos do treinamento aeróbio sobre a hipertrofia muscular de forma isolada ou em conjunto com o treinamento resistido. O presente estudo caracteriza-se um delineamento de revisão de literatura narrativa, foram consultadas as bases de dados do SciELO, Google acadêmico e PubMed. Muitos estudos mostram que o treinamento aeróbio (TA) pode promover respostas hipertróficas em indivíduos não treinados, entretanto, estas respostas estão relacionadas às variáveis do exercícios como intensidade, volume, frequência e modalidade. Intensidades mais altas, contínuas ou intervaladas, no mínimo 80% da FCR, parecem ser capazes de promover respostas hipertróficas quando comparado a baixas intensidades. Além disso, o volume do treinamento também pode influenciar esta resposta e diferentes modalidades podem ter resposta distinta sobre a hipertrofia muscular. Enquanto a combinação do TA com o treinamento resistido (TR) corresponde ao treinamento concorrente (TC), a literatura demonstra que o TA no TC pode interferir negativamente nas respostas hipertróficas de maneira aguda e crônica dependendo da intensidade, volume, modalidade e programação de treinamento. (AU)

Perfil e comportamento de praticantes de atividade física supervisionada em academia de ginástica do sudoeste goiano / Profile and behavior of practitioner of supervised physical activity in a gymnastic academy in southwest Goiás

Introdução: na atualidade, os indivíduos têm buscado recursos para melhorar a saúde e atingir os padrões estéticos almejados, e as academias de ginástica vêm sendo cada vez mais utilizadas como um ambiente seguro e propício para realização de atividades físicas regulares. Objetivo: identificar o perfil e as características habituais da prática de atividade física de praticantes de modalidades em uma academia de uma cidade do interior de Goiás. Métodos: o instrumento utilizado foi um questionário criado pelos pesquisadores com questões autorreferidas sobre variáveis sociodemográficas e perfil das atividades físicas realizadas. Resultados: a amostra foi composta por 40 frequentadores da academia, a maioria do sexo feminino; 53,4% possuíam ensino superior; 45 % frequentavam a academia há, pelo menos, três meses, seguido por 43% com frequência de mais de um ano. A musculação foi a modalidade mais procurada pelos frequentadores; 95% eram acompanhados por um profissional da área de Educação Física Conclusão: existe uma preocupação referente à melhoria da saúde e da estética por meio da atividade física, dessa forma a academia tem sido um local de fácil acesso e adesão por parte dos frequentadores, mostrando-se um ambiente propício para as modalidades que possam agregar melhora na saúde e, consequentemente, na estética dos frequentadores.

Introduction: individuals today have sought resources to improve health and achieve the desired aesthetic standards. Because of this, gymnastic gyms are increasingly being used as a safe and conducive environment for regular physical activities. Objective: to identify the profile and habitual characteristics of the practice of physical activity of practitioners of modalities in a gymnasium of a city in the countryside of Goiás. Methods: the instrument used was a questionnaire created by researchers, which was consisted of selfreferenced questions about sociodemographic variables and profile of physical activities performed. Results: the sample consisted of 40 academics, most of whom were female; 53.4% had higher education; 45% attended the academy for at least three months, followed by 43% with a frequency of more than one year. Bodybuilding was the most modality sought by the attendants; 95% were accompanied by a professional in the area of Physical Education. Conclusion: there is a concern regarding the improvement of health and aesthetics through physical activity, so the academy has been a local of easy access and adherence by the attendants, showing an environment conducive to the modalities that can add in the improvement of the health and, consequently, in the esthetics of the goers.